Atmospheric Chemistry - Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences
Atmospheric Chemistry Research
Education in Chemistry Research
Dr Ian Jamie (PhD, FRACI)
Research | People | Teaching | Professional History | Awards and Distinctions | Publications | Useful Webpages
Research
Our research covers the areas of Atmospheric Chemistry (what chemicals are in the air and what they are doing there) and Education in Chemistry (developing better ways of teaching, understanding how students learn).
Students wishing to undertake research projects in these or related areas are encouraged to make contact with me. Within each of the areas described below it is posible to design specific projects.
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY Species in trace quantities in the atmosphere play significant roles in many processes that directly and indirectly affect the quality of our life. We are interested in understanding the sources, reactions and effects that these species have. The described projects are indicative of the work carried out in the Atmospheric Chemistry group. Research programs are negotiable and areas of interest to potential students will be accommodated if they fall within the general theme of the group’s activities. |
Trace Gases and Volatile Organic Compounds
Identifying and quantifying the sources of volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) is important as these compounds are involved in complex chemical and physical transformations that result in effects such as smog formation, changes in the oxidative capacity of the atmosphere and aerosol formation. Large volumes of VOC’s are emitted from plants (biogenic VOC’s) and from human activities (anthropogenic VOC’s), such as fossil fuel and biomass combustion, evaporation of solvents and fuels and production processes. Much effort has been put into reducing emissions of anthropogenic VOC’s, yet if the quantity of biogenic VOC’s is significant, then this effort may be misplaced. VOC’s and other trace species (such as NO, NO2 and CO) are contributors to poor indoor air quality. Increasing urbanisation results in an increase in the occupation of well-sealed buildings using recirculated air for climate control, which may lead to a decrease in indoor air quality. This is a growing concern throughout the world. Identification of sources of VOC’s and other trace species is a central issue in environmental management. We have a range of projects concerned with identifying and quantifying VOC’s and their sources. The techniques incorporate Solid Phase Microextraction with GC and GC/MS analysis, cavity ring-down spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy. Structure and Composition of Secondary Organic Aerosols
Organic aerosol accounts for a very large fraction of air particulate matter. It affects the atmosphere and climate through interaction with reactive trace gases, water vapour, clouds, precipitation, and radiation. It also influences the biosphere and human health through the spread of reproductive materials and micro-organisms, has impacts on respiratory and cardiovascular functions, and is a factor in allergic and infectious disease spread. While advances have occurred in the science of organic aerosols, much remains to be understood concerning their composition, sources and transformation. The broad aim of this project is to improve our understanding of Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) composition in major Australian airsheds. In particular, we are concerned with the impact that both plant and motor vehicle emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have on SOA formation and composition and hence on air quality. This project will address the follow scientific questions:
Synthesis and Characterisation of Important Peroxyl Nitrate Compounds
The PAN family of compounds play a very important role in atmospheric chemistry because they act as reservoirs of reactive nitrogen NOX). While the archetypal compound, peroxyacetyl nitrate, (CH3C(O)OONO2) is relatively well characterised, there is little information available concerning the compounds in the family based on this structure. Good quality infrared spectra are needed for use in identifying and quantifying these species in smog chamber experiments. A number of compounds have been identified from modelling studies as important targets for synthesis and characterisation. In this project, we will synthesize as many of these compounds as possible and obtain their infrared spectra. Characterisation of the product mixture will be achieved through infrared spectroscopy and GC-MS investigations. Vibrational analysis using computer-based modelling (Gaussian) will be used to aid in spectral identification. Synthesis will be undertaking using photolytic gas phase reactions, and liquid phase reactions if appropriate to obtain pure samples. There is the possibility of conducting atmospheric simulation experiments using the CSIRO Energy Technology smog chamber facilities. Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
The substitution of compressed natural gas (CNG) for diesel fuel in heavy-duty vehicles has potential greenhouse gas benefits due to an expected reduction in CO2 emissions. However, even if CO2 emissions are reduced, the nett global warming potential may be offset by increased emissions of gases with greater global warming potentials (e.g. N2O and CH4). The present work was initially commissioned by the Australian Greenhouse Office as a pilot study to determine N2O emissions from dual-fuel trucks operated back-to-back on diesel and then in CNG/diesel mode. Analyses were carried out by using an analyser specific to N2O (continuous, on-site) and off-line by FTIR spectroscopy of filtered bag samples. The FTIR spectra are also processed to obtain CO and CH4 concentrations. Emissions of Organic Compounds in Natural Product Chemistry
Vegetation emits significant quantities of Volatile Organic Compounds. These emissions may be correlated with internal chemistry of the plants, and give clues on such things as the presence of useful compounds, stage of plant development and the maturation state of fruit. The relatively new technique of Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME) offers a route to convenient in situ sampling. SPME combines in one-step sampling and preconcentration, prior to GC or GC-MS analysis. Our research activity aims at developing methods of in situ SPME-GC analysis, and to develop a database of VOC emissions from Australian native vegetation. Photo-oxidation of VOC’s from Australian Vegetation Oxidation of compounds emitted by plants occurs through a series of cyclic chain reactions, initiated Signals and Pollination in Deceptive Orchids and Plants(with A/Prof Marie Herberstein and Dr Michelle Leishman, Department of Biological Sciences)
Orchids are famous for their unusual deceptive pollination systems, and Australia is a global hotspot for orchid deception. If you are seeking a project involving charismatic study species, independent fieldwork, and broadly-applicable lab skills, this interdisciplinary project may suit you. 'Food-deceptive' orchids do not provide a nectar reward for their pollinators. Instead, they are thought to attract pollinators by mimicking the colours and scents of other flowers. We are interested in the evolution of this mimicry, and in assessing the colour and scent signals without the biases of human perception. Fieldwork will be required in Sydney and NSW to monitor native orchid pollination rates, collect pollinating insects, and collect flowers from orchids and other plants. Floral colours will be analysed by spectrometry in the Department of Biological Sciences. Floral scents will be analysed by gas chromatography and gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry in the Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Sciences. We are seeking a student with a background in evolutionary biology and/or chemistry. We will teach you all the field and lab techniques, and we can develop the project according to your strengths and interests. Your own car would be an advantage for fieldwork, but it is not essential. The project is well-funded, permits have been applied for, and we are ready to go with the right person. Furthermore, you'll be joining dynamic labs that combine innovative science with great peer-support. Visit our web pages and feel free to contact us for more information. |
CHEMICAL EDUCATION “The foundation of every state is the education of its youth” – Diogenes |
The Pedagogy of Laboratory-Based Teaching and Learning
Laboratory-based teaching and learning is generally, but not universally, accepted as a fundamental element in science education. While our understanding of teaching and learning processes has advanced through education research, the application of this knowledge to the laboratory has lagged behind. We are interested in addressing a number of general educational questions relating to laboratory-based teaching and learning, such as what are the purposes of teaching in laboratories, what strategies are available for teaching in laboratories and how are they related to the purposes and how might we assess the outcomes of laboratory instruction? Of particular interest is identifying how generic skills and graduate attributes may be developed in the laboratory context. Laboratory work provides ample opportunities for students to cultivate skills such as collecting, analysing and organising information, communicating ideas and information, planning and organising activities, working alone and in teams, using mathematical ideas and techniques, solving problems and using technology. The Advancing Chemistry by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory (ACELL) Project
The Advancing Chemistry by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory (ACELL) project was established in 2004 to improve Australian chemistry laboratory education. This project pools the resources of over 30 universities from Australia and New Zealand to establish a protocol for developing and assuring the quality of laboratory teaching experiments. This protocol is based on research-led teaching and has resulted in the creation of an Educational Template for ensuring that contributions to the project have a b student focus. ACELL has a relationship with the Australian Journal of Education in Chemistry for dissemination of research results. Any experiment that passes the two-tiered referee process is automatically accepted for publication in the journal. The ACELL database (www.acell.org) is open to the public. Mathematics in Chemistry Education
Anecdotal evidence suggests that the many science students are finding the mathematical aspects of their courses to be difficult and therefore a barrier to their studies. We are interested in determining if anecdotal evidence can be supported by research, in discovering why this position has come about, and developing approaches to achieve the desired learning outcomes for our graduates, which includes the ability to use mathematical tools in a confident and competent manner. Maths Anxiety in Chemistry StudentsMaths anxiety is described in a number of ways, but the common themes are that a sufferer feels, to greater or lesser extent, panic, helplessness, paralysis, and mental disorganization. This may mean that the student stops him- or herself from starting on a task, even if capable of doing it. Students may be caught in a cycle of maths avoidance when, in the past, the student has suffered a bad experience relating to maths. The student then avoids mathematical tasks, resulting in poor mathematical preparation. This then leads to more negative maths experiences, reinforcing negative perceptions, and hence completing the cycle. In the milder form of this behaviour, simple reassurance and guidance may be sufficient to break the cycle. In the ber form, this will result in a true lack of mathematical preparation and a fear of doing anything about it. The protocol for dealing with students suffering from maths anxiety should be different from that for those students simply lacking adequate mathematical skills, but without anxiety. For this reason it is necessary to measure the extent of maths anxiety amongst the student cohort, and develop mechanisms for identifying these people early in their studies, so that appropriate support for them can be provided. Chemical Misconceptions and Constructivism“Constructivism” refers to the theory that the process of learning is not one of simple acceptance and remembrance of facts, but one where the learner must incorporate them into an already constructed world-view. If that world-view can not be modified to fit the new knowledge, then the knowledge is not retained. In other words, the learner must construct meaning for the knowledge for it to be preserved. It is therefore necessary for teachers to understand the ways in which students incorporate knowledge into their “world-views”. Students bring with them many preconceptions and/or misconceptions. These form the scaffolding on which students build all subsequent knowledge, unless they are distinguished, confronted and replaced or reconstructed in line with modern scientific thinking. Preconceptions in chemistry are extremely persistent. There is typically a rapid evolution in fundamental ideas about chemistry between the ages of 6 and 12, but only very slow change thereafter, in spite of intensive instruction in chemistry. These misconceptions are likely to still be present in tertiary level students, right through to those studying for their Ph.D.’s. It is important that teachers are aware of the range of preconceptions and misconceptions that students bring with them, and put in place appropriate teaching methods that adequately address these issues. |
People: Past and Present
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Senior LecturerDepartment of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences Macquarie University NSW, Australia, 2109 Contact Details (including e-mail): See Macquarie University Directory Telephone: +61 2 9850 8293 Facsimile: +61 2 9850 8313 |
Research Students |
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| Stephen White PhD Candidate (commenced 2008) Studies of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and Composition Honours (2007) The Composition and Structure of Toluene-Based Secondary Organic Aerosol |
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| Anil Gautam PhD (2006-2009, Awarded 2009) Aerosol Formation from the Photooxidation of Isoprene, p-Cymene and 1,8-Cineole: Laboratory and Field Studies Honours (20004/2005) Profiling Plant Biogenic Volatile Organic Compound Emission Using Solid Phase Microextraction |
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| Justine Beaney Honours (2008/2009) Vibrational Spectroscopic Analysis of Secondary Organic Aerosols |
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| Michelle Camenzuli MPhil (2006-2008) The Effect of Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Mixing Ratios on the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from Corymbia Citriodora and Tristaniopsis Laurina |
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Chris Donnelly Honours (2005/2006) Volatile Organic Compounds: Detection And Synthesis |
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Gareth Watkins Honours (2005) The Global Warming Contribution of Nitrous Oxide (N2O)Emissions from Australian Motor Vehicles |
Summer Vaction Project Students |
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| Meagan Cho Summer Vaction Project (2010) Investigating Head-Space SPME Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds Relevant to Emissions from Plants and to Indoor Air Quality |
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Kelvin Chand Summer Vaction Project (2009) High Resolution Ultra-Violet/Visible Spectroscopy |
| Louise Kristensen Summer Vaction Project (2008) Generic Skill Development in Chemistry Practicals |
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Fiona McDonald Summer Vaction Project (2008) Generic Skill Development in Chemistry Practicals |
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Chiarina Mapa Summer Vaction Project (2008) Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Native Plants |
| Nicole Murphy Summer Vaction Project (2008) Synthesis of Volatile Organic Compounds Important in Atmospheric Chemistry |
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| Michela Bryant Summer Vaction Project (2007) Profiling of the Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Deceptive Orchids |
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Summer Vaction Project (2006) |
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Gareth Watkins Summer Vaction Project (2005) Viscosity Measurements of Slime |
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Dane Atkinson Summer Vaction Project (2003) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrosopvy of Important Atmospheric Chemicals |
International Interns |
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Mackenzie Guerin Internship (2006) Passive NOX Sampling |
| Jamie Velkoverh Internship (2005) The Development of a Passive NOX Sampler for a Senior Teaching Experiment |
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Teaching
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CBMS207 - Physical and Environmental Chemistry IEnvironmental issues are of foremost concern in the world today. The environment depends on complex interactions of chemical and physical processes. In this unit these processes will be explored through the study of the underlying principles that govern the properties and behaviour of chemical systems. Physical chemistry permeates all of modern chemistry and many adjoining areas such as biomolecular sciences, materials science and, of course, environmental science. Using environmental chemistry examples and contexts, we will explore the “what”, “why” and “how fast” of chemistry: Structure, Energy, and Rate. These topics will be examined in terms of the origin, transport and fate of chemicals in the biosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. |
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CBMS307 - Physical and Environmental Chemistry IIThis unit explores the underlying principles that govern the properties and behaviour of chemical processes. Using environmental chemistry examples and contexts, we will explore the “what”, “why” and “how fast” of chemistry: Structure, Energy, and Rate. The theoretical foundations of these topics are respectively, quantum mechanics, thermodynamics and equilibrium statistical mechanics, and chemical kinetics. There is an emphasis of the chemistry of global climate change, ozone depletion, dispersal and transformation of chemicals in the environment, equilibrium and non-equilibrium processes in the World’s oceans and other environmentally relevant topics. Measurement and modelling of these systems will be described and practiced. |
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CBMS302 - Chemistry CapstoneThis unit provides an opportunity to take an overview of your studies in your Major, and a focus on how what you have learnt equips you for your next step, whether this is to further study, or into the workforce. We will examine the latest advances in chemistry, such as in Green Chemistry, molecular recognition and drug design through guest lectures from leading researchers. We will look at the idea of the “ethical chemist”, and through workshops with industry employers and recruiters we will get you ready to apply for positions in industry and academia. An important part of the course will be a self-directed laboratory investigation into a topic of current interest, such as biodiesel synthesis and characterisation, development of novel materials, and new synthesis methods. You will plan and carry out the investigation, and report on the outcomes. You will have the opportunity to use sophisticated research instruments and to refine your laboratory skills. |
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Professional History
- BSc (Hons), 1984, University of Queensland (Investigations into Techniques for Analysis of Gas Mixtures at High and Normal Pressures)
- PhD, 1988, University of Queensland (A Study of the Solvation and Association of Lithium Nitrate and Lithium Perchlorate in Methanol and N,N-Dimethylformamide)
- Postdoctoral Fellow, 1989 - 1991, Research School of Chemistry, The Australian National University (Small angle X-ray scattering, X-ray diffraction, neutron elastic and inelastic scattering, nucleation and crystallisation of zeolites, structure and dynamics of graphite intercalation compounds, colloid and surfactant studies)
- Postdoctoral Fellow, 1991 - 1994, Department of Physics, The Australian Defence Force Academy (Surface analysis using X-rays, development and construction of an X-Ray Reflectometer for analysis of thin films and surfaces, preparation of Langmuir-Blodgett films)
- Associate Lecturer, 1993 - 1994, Department of Chemistry, The Australian Defence Force Academy
- Associate Research Fellow, 1994 - 1999, Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong (FTIR spectroscopy, measurement of trace gas fluxes important in climate change, development of instrumentation, operation of FTIR monitoring station in a remote location)
- Lecturer, 1998 - 1999, Department of Chemistry, University of Wollongong
- Associate Director, APCELL, 2000 - 2001, School of Chemistry, University of Sydney (Australian Physical Chemistry Enhanced Laboratory Learning project)
- Director, ACELL, 2002 - present, Advancing Chemistry by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory project
- Associate Lecturer, 2000-2002, Department of Chemistry, Macquarie University
- Lecturer, 2003-2008, Department of Chemistry, Macquarie University
- Senior Lecturer, 2009 - present, Department of Chemistry and Biomolecualr Sciences, Macquarie University
Awards and Distinctions
- 2009: Pearson Education Australia/RACI Centenary of Federation Chemistry Educator of the Year Award
- 2009, 2008, 2007: Finalist, Eureka Awards for Promoting Understanding of Science - Team Member
- 2008: Macquarie University Community Engagement Award - Team Member
- 2007: Carrick (ALTC) Award for Australian University Teaching, Citation for Outstanding Contribution to Student Learning - Team Member
- 2007: Carrick (ALTC) Award for Programs that Enhance Learning, Educational Partnerships and Collaborations with Other Organisations - Team Member
- 2007: Macquarie University Vice Chancellor's Award for Teaching Excellence
- 2007: Macquarie University Innovation in Partnership Award - Team Member
Publications
Book Chapters
- A.V. George, M.A. Buntine, J.R. Read, S.C. Barrie, R.B. Bucat, G.T. Crisp, I.M. Jamie, S.H. Kable; " What makes a good laboratory learning exercise? Student feedback from the ACELL project" : Proceedings of 20th International Conference on Chemical Education, Mauritius, (2008). In Chemistry Education in the ICT Age, Gupta-Bhowon, M.; Jhaumeer-Laulloo, S.; Li Kam Wah, H.; Ramasami, P. (Eds.) Springer 2009, pp 363-376
- D.W.T. Griffith and I.M. Jamie, " FTIR Spectrometry in Atmospheric and Trace Gas Analysis" in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry - Applications, Theory and Instrumentation, R.A. Meyers, Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, Chichester, 2000
Refereed Papers
- M.A. Buntine, J.R. Read, S.C. Barrie, R.B. Bucat, G.T. Crisp, A.V. George, I.M. Jamie, and S.H. Kable, " Advancing Chemistry by Enhancing Learning in the Laboratory (ACELL): a model for providing professional and personal development and facilitating improved student laboratory learning outcomes", Chemistry Education Research and Practice, 8 (2007), 232–254
- I.M. Jamie, J.R. Read, S.C. Barrie, R.B. Bucat, M.A. Buntine, G.T. Crisp, A.V. George, and S.H. Kable, "From APCELL to ACELL – Expanding a Multi-Institution Project for Laboratory-Based Teaching and Learning", Australian Journal of Education in Chemistry, 67 (2007), 7–13
- J.R. Read, M.A. Buntine, G.T. Crisp, S.C. Barrie, A.V. George, S.H. Kable, R.B. Bucat, and I.M. Jamie, " The ACELL project: Student participation, professional development, and improving laboratory learning", Symposium Proceedings: Assessment in Science Teaching and Learning, UniServe Science, Sydney, 2006, pp. 113-119
- A. Matin, I.M. Streete, I.M. Jamie, R.J.W. Truscott and J.F, Jamie, " A Fluorescence-Based Assay for Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase", Analytical Biochemistry, 349(2006) 96-102
- D.W.T. Griffith, I.M. Jamie, M. Esler, S.R. Wilson, S.D. Parkes, C. Waring and G.W. Bryant, "Real-Time Field Measurements of Stable Isotopes in Water and CO2 by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry", Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, 42 (2006) 9–20
- I. Jamie, N. Cant, P. Nelson, M. Patterson, "Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Heavy-Duty Dual-Fuel Vehicles", Proceedings of the 17th International Clean Air and Environment Conference, 3-6th May, 2005: "Towards a New Agenda"
- I. Jamie, S. Fraser and C. Haklani, " Catalysing the Transition into the Unknown: A Student Advocate in Chemistry Education", Learning for an Unknown Future: Proceedings of the 2003 Annual International Conference of the Higher Education Research and Development Society of Australasia (HERDSA) in Research and Development in Higher Education, Vol. 26, C. Bond and P. Bright (eds)
- D.W.T. Griffith, R. Leuning, O.T. Denmead, I.M. Jamie, " Air-Land Exchanges of CO2, CH4 and N2O measured by FTIR Spectrometry and Micrometeorological Techniques", Atmospheric Environment, 36 (2002), 1833-1842
- S. Barrie, M. Buntine, I. Jamie and S. Kable, "APCELL: The Australian Physical Chemistry Enhanced Laboratory Learning Project", Australian Journal of Education in Chemistry, 57 (2001), 6
- S. Barrie, M. Buntine, I. Jamie and S. Kable, "APCELL: Developing Better Ways of Teaching in the Laboratory", Proceedings of the Research and Development into University Science Teaching and Learning Workshop, Uniserve Science 2001, Uniserve Science, University of Sydney, Sydney, 2001
- O.T. Denmead, R. Leuning, D.W.T. Griffith, I.M. Jamie, M.B. Esler, L.A. Harper, J.R. Freney, " Verifying Inventory Predictions of Animal Methane Emissions with Meteorological Measurements", Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 96 (2000), 187-209.
- O.T. Denmead, R. Leuning, I. Jamie, D.W.T. Griffith, " Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Grazed Pastures: Measurements at Different Scales ", Chemosphere: Global Change Sci., 2 (2000), 301-312
- R. Leuning, O.T. Denmead, D.W.T. Griffith, L.A. Harper, J.R. Freney, I.M. Jamie, F. Turatti, "Verifying current estimates of non-CO2 greenhouse gas emissions from animals, landfills and pastures with direct measurements", Comptes Rendus de l'Academie d'Agriculture de France, 85 (1999), 102-135
- R. Leuning, I.M. Jamie, L. Klein, C.H. Hsu, S.K. Baker and O.T. Denmead, " Methane Emission from Sheep in the Field: A Comparison of Two Measurement Methods ", Atmospheric Environment, 33 (1999), 1357-1365
- D.W.T. Griffith, I.M. Jamie, P.A. Beasley, O.T. Denmead, R. Leuning, I.E. Galbally, C.P. Meyer, " FTIR in the Paddock: Trace Gas Soil Flux Measurements using FTIR Spectroscopy", AIP Conf. Proc., 430 (Fourier Transform Spectroscopy) (1998), 211-214
- W.D. Hutchinson, R.G. Clark, N. Yazidjoglou, I.M. Jamie, D.H. Chaplin and D.C. Creagh, " Magnetic Ordering in Two Dimensional Stearate Films: A Nuclear Orientation Study ", Solid State Communications, 109 (1998), 239-242
- G.T. Barnes, I.R. Gentle, C.H.L. Kennard, J.B. Peng and I. Jamie, " Interaction of Phosphotungstate Ions with Phospholipid Monolayers: A Synchrotron X-ray Study", Langmuir, 11 (1995), 281-285
- G.L. Mendz, I.McL. Jamie and J.W. White, " Effects of Acyl Chain Length on the Conformation of Myelin Basic Protein Bound to Lysolipid Micelles ", Biophysical Chemistry, 45 (1992), 61-77
- C. Carlile, I.McL. Jamie, G. Lockhart and J.W. White, " Two Dimensional Caesium-Ammonia Solid Solutions in C28Cs(NH3)x ", Molecular Physics., 76 (1992), 173-200
- G.F. Mendz, D.J. Miller, I.McL. Jamie, J.W. White, L.R. Brown, G.B. Ralston and I.J. Kaplin, " Physiochemical Characterisation of Dodecylphosphocholine/Palmitoyllysophosphatidic acid/Myelin Basic Protein Complexes ", Biochemistry, 30 (1991), 6509-6516
- C. Carlile, I.McL. Jamie, J.W. White, M.J. Prager and W. Stead , " Rotational Tunnelling of Ammonia in Two Dimensional Metal-Ammonia Solutions ", Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions, 87 (1991), 73-81
- D.W. James, R.E. Mayes, W.H. Leong, I.McL. Jamie and G. Zhen, " Solvation and Ion Association in Solutions containing Oxyanions ", Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society, 85(1988), 269-281
- I.McL. Jamie, D.W. James and E. Geissler, " Thermal and Collective Diffusion in Polymer Solutions: A Small Angle Light Scattering Study ", Optics Communications, 56 (1985), 255-260
Useful and Interesting Web Sites
The NIST Reference on Constants, Units and Uncertainty
National Physical Laboratory Chemistry Tables
Chemistry in Art - A Virtual Art Exhibition
ChemTube3D - Interactive 3D Organic Reaction Mechanisms
Last Revised: 16-December-2009


principally by the hydroxyl radical, OH. Hydroxyl radicals are
produced photolytically, hence the process is generally one of
photo-oxidation. Products from this photo-oxidation are involved in a
number of important atmospheric processes, including secondary organic
aerosol (SOA) formation. There has been very little exploration
of the photo-oxidation reactions of VOC’s emitted in quantity by
Australian vegetation, for instance, those of eucalyptol (1,8-cineole).
In this project, compounds of interest will be photo-oxidized
under controlled conditions using the Indoor Smog Chamber at CSIRO
Lucas heights and analysed via GC- and LC-MS after derivatisation.




